Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It has been a significant public health concern for centuries and remains a global health issue today. Syphilis can be transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex, as well as through direct contact with syphilis sores or rashes. It can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her unborn baby.

The infection progresses in stages, with each stage characterized by distinct symptoms. The primary stage typically begins with the appearance of a painless sore, called a chancre, at the site of infection. This sore can appear on the genitals, anus, or mouth and usually heals within a few weeks.

Symptoms

Primary stage:

• A painless sore or chancre at the site of infection, usually the genitals, anus, or mouth.
• The sore typically appears within 3 weeks of infection and lasts for 3-6 weeks.

Secondary stage:

• Skin rash, usually non-itchy and affecting the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The rash may also occur on other parts of the body.
• Flu-like symptoms, including fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and muscle aches.
• Patchy hair loss, headaches, and weight loss can also occur.

Latent stage:

• No visible symptoms are present during this stage.
• The infection remains in the body but is not actively causing symptoms.
• The latent stage can last for years.

Tertiary stage (if left untreated):

• Neurological symptoms such as difficulty coordinating muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, and dementia.
• Cardiovascular complications, including aneurysms or inflammation of blood vessels.
• Damage to organs such as the heart, brain, liver, and bones.
• Blindness and deafness may occur.

Treatment

Primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis:

• Intramuscular injection of penicillin G benzathine is the preferred treatment.
• In some cases, other antibiotics such as doxycycline or tetracycline may be used if penicillin is not an option (e.g., due to allergies).

Late latent syphilis or tertiary syphilis:

• Intramuscular injection of penicillin G benzathine is usually administered in multiple doses.

Neurosyphilis:

• Intravenous (IV) administration of penicillin G is the standard treatment.
• Depending on the severity, the treatment duration may vary.