GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), also known as acid reflux, is a chronic condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain. It occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscle at the bottom of the esophagus, weakens or relaxes inappropriately. Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, certain foods and beverages, smoking, and certain medications. 

Symptoms

• Heartburn (burning sensation in the chest)
• Regurgitation (backflow of stomach contents into the throat or mouth)
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
• Chronic cough or hoarseness
• Sour or bitter taste in the mouth (acidic taste)
• Feeling of a lump in the throat (globus sensation)
• Excessive saliva production (water brash)
• Nausea or vomiting
• Bad breath (halitosis)

Treatment

Treatment options range from lifestyle changes (e.g., dietary modifications, weight loss) to medications (e.g., antacids, proton pump inhibitors) and, in severe cases, surgery. It’s important to manage GERD to prevent complications like esophagitis, strictures, and Barrett’s esophagus. Consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.